Is de Beleidvolle Slaaf van de JG Gods enige instrument

On Bijbelvorsers Webs, Bijbelvorsers from the Association of Bibleresearchers wrote on January 21, 2011 at 8:49 am:

Op Bijbelvorsers Webs, Bijbelvorsers van de Vereniging voor Bijbelstudie schreef in Januari 2011, 21, om 8:49 am:

Bijbelvorsers Member Posts: 16

World headquarters of the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A. (Photo credit: Wikipedia) Indien de Jehovah Getuigen de voorkeur van God zouden genieten en de enige organisatie zou zijn die Gods zegen geniet en als enige aanspraak kan maken op een door God volledig erkend en geleid orgaan “de Beleidvolle slaaf” is het vreemd dat dit middel van God om met de mensheid te communiceren zo veel mis- of versprekingen of vergissingen zou maken, alsook zo veel wijzigingen moet aanbrengen. Waarom zou God niet dadelijk het juiste ‘licht’ brengen?De JG zouden graag hebben dat de mensen al die talrijke fouten van de Watchtower Society in hun volledig bestaan naar loutere menselijke onvolkomenheid zouden toeschrijven. In wezen is dat juist. De vele niet uitgekomen voorspellingen en de vele zaken die ze eerst als waarheid claimden en daarna vervingen door een andere waarheid waren bedenkingen van mensen. Maar aan de ander kant beweren zij het spreekorgaan van God te hebben. En worden mensen die het niet volledig eens zijn met de beweringen van het overkoepelend orgaan uitgesloten. Zij proberen dan dikwijls zulke Uitkijktoren mislukkingen naar de fouten van Bijbelse figuren zoals Koning David te vergelijken en de apostels van de eerste eeuw. Wat JGn verzuimen te herkennen is dat mensen, als individuen, altijd al persoonlijke fouten gedaan hebben en altijd zullen doen doordat zij hier op aarde in het huidige stelsel leven als onvolmaakte mensen. David, Mozes, Petrus, Paulus en vele anderen maakten fouten zoals elk van ons ook nog fouten maakt. Alle Christenen doen dat vandaag ook. Zelfs het Regerende Lichaam van de Getuigen van Jehovah maken fouten als onvolmaakte mannen. Niemand van gewone stervelingen kan daar aan ontsnappen. Noch in de Katholieke Kerk waar men spreekt van de onfeilbaarheid van de Paus, noch bij de Getuigen van Jehovah waar men eigenlijk spreekt van een evenzeer onfeilbaar heersende groep; “de beleidvolle slaaf“. Charles Russell gaf zijn lezers de waarschuwing om op de hoede te zijn voor enige vorm van organisatie. Voor hem was het trouwens iets volledig onnodig. (“hoed U voor organisatie. Het is volkomen onnodig. De Bijbelse regels zijn de enige regels die U nodig heeft. Tracht niet het geweten van anderen te binden, en sta anderen niet toe het uwe te binden. Geloof en gehoorzaam in zo verre als U Gods woord kunt begrijpen” – Zion’s Watch Tower, 15 September 1895, blz 216, uitgegeven door Charles T. Russel) Dat niemand de Bijbel zou kunnen begrijpen, tenzij hij luistert naar wat het Besturend Lichaam van Jehovah’s Getuigen in Brooklyn aan uitleg geeft,  haalt geheel Gods macht naar beneden. Het zou namelijk een ontkenning zijn van de mogelijkheid voor de Kracht van God, de Heilige Geest, rechtstreeks in te werken op naarstige zoekers. Nochtans wordt er in Gods Woord duidelijk gemaakt dat iedereen die zoekt ook werkelijk zal vinden. Indien het die  “getrouwe en beleidvolle slaaf” is die zou aangesteld zijn om “geestelijk voedsel te verstrekken” en “geestelijke leiding” te geven (WT15/10/95) dan kan men de vraag stellen waarom deze ‘beleidvolle slaaf dan toch nog zo vele dingen eerst zus zei en daarna zo zei. Met hun bewering is de basis gelegd voor het gezag van een heersende klasse. In de gedachtegang wordt deze klasse vervolgens gelijkgesteld met “de organisatie”, waarnaar wordt opgezien voor leiding. Jehovah’s Getuigen komen aan de deur, zoals zij zeggen, om mensen “de Bijbel uit te leggen” Dit “uitleggen” opent de weg naar het gezag van de bron van deze hulp en uitleg, het Wachttoren Genootschap. English: “Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All the Flock” 1991, Watch Tower Bibel And Tract Society Of Pennsylvania Polski: “Zważajcie na samych siebie i na całą trzodę” 1991, wyd. Strażnica – Towarzystwo Biblijne i Traktatowe (Photo credit: Wikipedia) Als wij echter goed lezen in het Nieuwe Testament vinden wij dat Jezus de weg en de waarheid is. (Johannes 14:6). Diegenen die bereid zijn om tot hem te komen zullen ook dichter bij God kunnen komen. En Jezus heeft ons ook geleerd te bidden tot zijn Vader, ons duidelijk makend dat wij rechtstreeks tot God konden praten en ook van Hem duidelijk antwoorden zouden kunnen krijgen. Nergens blijkt dat men over moet gaan tot collectiviteit. Alsook wordt er nergens gewag van gemaakt dat men zou moeten gaan afhangen van een heersende groep of een gemeenschap van alles bepalenden. Wel wordt er aangeraden één van geest in Christus te zijn. Maar dat hoeft niet persé in te houden dat men al zijn eigenheden opzij moet zetten en niet meer zelf zou kunnen mogen denken. Het één zijn in Christus kan de wijze van Christus navolgen inhouden. Als the Watchtower’s Governing Body volgens de JG “anointed and directed by God Himself”, gezalfd en geleid door God wordt kan men toch vragen stellen waarom zij zo vele versprekingen of missingen hebben begaan in het verleden. Als wij ontdekken dat die beslissingen soms geheel omgekeerd moesten worden, veranderd of dat de leden ze gewoon moesten laten vallen, of dat de organisatie zich er voor moest verontschuldigen dan kan men toch vragen stellen bij de hand achter die organisatie. Zou men dan niet eerder kunnen zeggen dat wij duidelijk kunnen zien dat om te beginnen God nooit achter hen was.  Zou God achter zulk een regelmatig vergissende gemeenschap staan of was Hij duidelijk nooit achter deze vele verkeerde Uitkijktoren beleidenden ondanks de vele tegengestelde beweringen? Interessant om te lezen is: “Are Jehovah’s Witnesses Truly Directed By God?” een antwoord dat Vinny gaf op: “Secret of Jehovah’s Witness founder?“ alsook even de teksten te vergelijken welke de organisatie publiceerde en hoe deze al of niet werden aangehouden, in vervulling gingen of later werden afgeschreven: Spiritual Food at the Proper Time.

Waarop wij antwoordden:

English: (Quoted from Jehovah’s Witnesses–Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom (1993), Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, p. 661. Original.) (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Charles Taze Russell was nooit geassocieerd met de organisatie van de Getuigen van Jehovah. Russell geloofde niet in zulk een organisatie. Het negatief denken lag hem ook niet aan het hart en hij zou dus niet achter zulk een doemdenken van de JG staan. Hij geloofde niet in het “Goede Nieuws” welk zulke slechte tijdingen van geweldige smart voor het merendeel van de mensen zou omvatten, dat wil zeggen dat zij die niet tot een welbepaalde organisatie zouden behoren dat zij eeuwig in Armageddon vernietigd zouden worden. Russell onderrichtte nooit zulke dingen en zulks “Goed Nieuws” vertegenwoordigt bijna het tegendeel van de blije tijdingen van geweldige vreugde voor alle mensen dat Russell preekte.

Lezers moeten er zich bewust van zijn dat reeds vanaf het begin er ‘strubbelingen’ waren in die zogenaamde organisatie. Binnen enkele maanden nadat Russell stierf trokken al enkele Bijbel Studenten hun steun weg van de “nieuwe organisatie” van Rutherford. Voor de overigen valt het opdat het merendeel van de Bijbel Studenten niet beseften wat Rutherford tot de jaren 1920 deed. Zodra Zions Wachttoren onder de controle van Rutherford kwam, deden er zich scheuringen voort, zelfs toen de organisatie zich later als Getuigen van Jehovah profileerde, vielen er mensen uit de gratie of gingen weg van de organisatie, om zelf verder het Woord van God te verspreiden. Aldus gaat de bewering niet op dat de JG de enige groepering in de Christenheid zou zijn waar geen scheuringen of andere groepen uit zouden zijn ontstaan.

Tegen 1930 had de meerderheid van de vroegere BijbelStudentbeweging de nieuwe organisatie van Rutherford en zijn nieuwe gospel afgekeurd. Het was dat wat veroorzaakte dat Russell zijn nieuwe organisatie “de Getuigen” van Jehovah in de jaren 1931 benoemde, om zijn nieuwe organisatie van de oude Bijbel Studentbeweging te onderscheiden.

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Vindt aanvullend:

Kleine kudde en beleidvolle slaaf

Gehoorzaamheid beter dan offers

Getuigen van Jehovah, Data en Waarheid

Eenheid van spreken onder de loep genomen

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Watchtower Bible and Tract Society (WBTS) main groups that broke away

There was an early split during the life of Russell and a number of splits immediately after his death and several in later times. Most of the earlier groups have held to the teachings of Charles Taze Russell and trace their origin to him and denounce Jehovah’s Witnesses as not tracing their origin to him. In response to this Jehovah’s Witnesses call all of these groups “the evil slave” class. They are:

1.  New Covenant Believers
   was formed in 1909 by former Society secretary-treasurer E.C. Henninges, the Australia branch manager of the International Bible Students Association, also called Free Bible Students – based in Melbourne.
2. The Pastoral Bible Institute
   was founded in 1918 by former directors of the WBTS.
   It is now defunct but still publishes The Herald of Christ’s Kingdom, first edited by R. E. Streeter and now with only an editorial committee publishing the magazine.
3.  Berean Bible Institute
   formed in 1918 in Australia and publishes The Voice and the People’s Paper magazine. Membership is estimated to be less than 100.
4.  Stand Fast Bible Students Association of Portland Oregon
   was formed in 1919 after Charles E. Heard and others had a pacifism issue with Rutherford over purchase of war bonds, which they considered to be wrong.
5.  Laymen’s Home Missionary Movement
   was founded by Paul S. L. Johnson in 1919. He believed he had been appointed by God as Russell’s official spiritual successor. Johnson’s death in 1950 led to the formation of new splinter groups, such as the Epiphany Bible Students Association, and the Laodicean Home Missionary Movement.
6.  Christian Millennial Fellowship
   as formed in 1928 by the Italian Bible Students Association in Hartford, CT after their break with the WBTS.In 1940 they began publishing The New Creation, a Herald of God’s Kingdom magazine and later relocated to New Jersey, forming branches in Australia, Austria, England, Ghana, Germany, India, Italy, Japan and Romania. However, eventually they discarded most of Russell’s writings and joined the “New Covenant Bible Students” as “Free Bible Students.”
7.  Dawn Bible Students Association
   

   The Dawn Office in East Rutherford, New Jersey (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

   is the largest of the Bible Student movements. It was formed in 1931 when Norman Woodworth, cousin of C. J. Woodworth to resume publication of Russell’s Studies in the Scriptures, which the WBTS Tower Society had ceased to publish in 1927. Their magazine is entitled Dawn — A Herald of Christ’s Presence.
   In recent times some have distanced themselves from some of Russell’s teachings.
   In 1974, a splinter group was formed called Independent Bible Students.

8. The Goshen Fellowship
   was formed by Jesse Hemery in England in 1951. He had been the overseer of the WBTS’s British Isles branch office, appointed by Russell in 1901 and holding that post until 1946.
9. The True Faith Jehovah’s Witnesses Association
   was formed by Romanian Witnesses after their isolation during the communist era when there was little communication with the WBTS. Evidently this involved a difference of opinion about procedures or in doctrine.
   *
   Note: The history of Jehovah’s Witnesses may be read in the WBTS produced book Jehovah’ Witnesses – Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom, although there are certain important omission concerning the splits, and a certain gloss and prejudice has been put upon some events.

   – From Introduction – Biblical Truth Seekers

   By Raymond C. Faircloth

   http://www.biblicaltruthseekers.co.uk

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Charles Taze Russell and what he started

We would like to present some older articles published by us on the website of Bijbelvorsers Webs, the Association of Bible Scholars or Researchers an Association for Bible-study, and Biblestudents on March 4, 2011 at 5:41 am:

Charles Taze Russell and what he started.

C. T.Russell was born in 1852 (the second of five children) in Allegheny,Pennsylvania in the US. He grew up in faith with his father, got to know the Presbyterian and the Congregational Church. He investigated the philosophies of the Far East – Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism but soon concluded that these philosophies were empty, and his quest for spiritual satisfaction and peace remained unfulfilled.

Christians worldwide were for the first time ever considering the prophetic chronology of the Bible, concluding that Christ was going to return on dates calculated anywhere from 1862 through 1881 (with greater focus on the year 1868). From 1868 to 1875 a lot of Christians all over the world had come in great expectation for the return of Christ, believing that the 6,000 years from the creation of Adam were complete, and the seventh and final millennium began. Lots of preachers,determined to find the truth, went around the world to proclaim the end times.

George Storrs (1796–1879) one of the leaders of the Second Advent movement and affiliated with William Miller and Joshua V. Himes. He began publication of his magazine The Bible Examiner in 1843 and continued it until 1879 with a few breaks – George Storrs (1796-1879) een van de leiders van de Tweede Advent beweging en aangesloten bij William Miller en Joshua V. Himes. Hij begon met de publicatie van zijn tijdschrift The Bible Examiner in 1843 en bleef het tot 1879 met een paar pauzes publiceren

George Stetson (1814–1879) Millerite who also wrote for George Storrs’ magazine The Herald of Life and the Coming Kingdom, and for other magazines such as The World’s Crisis – George Stetson (1814–1879) Millerite die ook schreef voor George Storrs’ magazine The Herald of Life en the Coming Kingdom, en voor andere bijbelstudenten tijdschriften zoals The World’s Crisis

Soon C.T. Russell began also to see that he was living somewhere near the close of the Gospel age, “and near the time when the Lord had declared that the wise,watching ones of his children should come to a clear knowledge of his plan.” From the years 1870 through 1875 Charles, his father Joseph, his sister Margaret, along with several other interested friends and associates, and a few other truth-seekers in Pittsburgh and Allegheny formed a class for Bible study with the well studied Millerite pastors George Storrs, and George Stetson. These studies were purposely detailed and analytical with the goal of examining every ‘jot and tittle’ of Christian doctrine, creeds and traditions in order to determine their accuracy, or to see if they were nothing but “the traditions of men”. Slowly, and step by step, they were able to separate which doctrines were Bible-based from those that were error, or mere tradition. Such detailed studies and questions of faith were common to numerous Protestant groups in the United States at this time in American history.

Charles had a time of constant growth in grace and knowledge and love of God and his Word. During this time of his Bible study, the Russells were also influenced by Adventists such as Jonas Wendell, Nelson Barbour, the Christadelphians and the Lutheran minister Joseph Seiss. In the history of Bible Students we cannot escape to see several names coming up in different denominations of today. In the nineteenth century there was a big cross-pollination. Some of Russell’s beliefs can be traced back to the very beginning of the Second Advent movement started by William Miller.

William Miller (1782-1849), American clergyman, founded a movement which involved thousands in eagerly awaiting the Second Coming of Christ. – William Miller (1782-1849), Amerikaanse dominee, stichtte een beweging die duizenden reikhalzend deden uitkijken naar de wederkomst van Christus.

Because of their intensive study of the Bible, the Russell family (Charles, Margaret, and Joseph) concluded that they had finally gained a new and clearer understanding of what a Christian is called to do in laying down their earthly life in sacrifice and service to God. All three renewed their consecration (vow of dedication) and decided to be re-baptized in 1874.

In 1876 Russell sold his father’s men’s clothing tailoring store named “The Old QuakerShop” located on Federal Street in downtown Pittsburgh and used this money to use it for preaching and publication purposes.

Russell was impressed with Nelson Barbour’s “invisible presence” views on Christ’s coming and he accepted much of his chronological views. Barbour and Russell soon became partners in publishing Herald of the Morning, Pastor Russell becoming an assistant editor of the Adventist magazine.

C.T.Russell became also the co-publisher of the book, Three Worlds and The Harvest of This World (Also called, Three Worlds: Or Plan of Redemption) (1877). A doctrinal dispute between Russell and Barbour over the atonement, and that the Rapture of the saints would occur in April 1878, resulted in Russell ending his partnership with Barbour and publishing his own magazine the Zion’s Watch Tower magazine, starting in 1879. When Russell left, he took many of Barbour’s readers with him, including J.H. Paton, the Herald magazine’s other assistant editor. He continued with Barbour’s chronology of 1874 being the date of Christ’s invisible return, 1799 as the start of the time of the end and 1914 as the “end of the Gentile Times”.

In 1908 the name of their magazine was changed to The Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence.

Russell married Maria (pronounced ‘moriah’) Frances Ackley (1850-1938 ) on March 13,1879, after merely a few months’ acquaintance. The marriage was based on a mutually agreed celibate partnership established for preaching the gospel. In 1897 they separated following disagreements over the propriety of her role in the management of Zion’s Watch Tower magazine.

In 1881 “Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society” was founded with the purpose of disseminating tracts, papers, doctrinal treatises and Bibles, and was officially chartered in 1884.

Charles devoted nearly a tenth of his fortune in publishing and distributing his first major publication, entitled “Food for Thinking Christians” in 1881. In that same year he also wrote and distributed, “Tabernacle and its Teachings”, and “Tabernacle Shadows of the Better Sacrifices”. In “Food for Thinking Christians”, Russell’s zeal to throw light upon the creedal errors motivated him to tear into the error without first showing that the Bible was indeed true, and that there was truth to be found therein. This approach shivered many men well and did the rear.

Russell wanted to outline the entire Bible and God’s plan for humanity, completely free of the Roman creeds and “traditions of men” in a seven-volume set. The first volume was originally entitled “The Plan of the Ages”, later renamed “The Divine Plan of the Ages”.

The”Divine Plan of the Ages” took the opposite approach of “Food for Thinking Christians” and first showed the beauty and harmony of the Bible before attacking the creedal errors. This approach was accepted as a refreshing answer to people’s search for truth so evident from the end of the 19th century onward.

The remaining volumes of the series, originally named “Millennial Dawn” but renamed in 1904 to “Studies in the Scriptures”, are:

 

The Time is at Hand (1889)

Thy Kingdom Come (1891)

The Day of Vengeance/The Battle of Armageddon (1897)

The Atonement Between God and Men (1899)

The New Creation (1904)

 

The delayed publishing of the seventh volume eventually became a source of great anticipation and mystery among Bible Students. Following Russell’s death in 1916, a seventh volume entitled The Finished Mystery, was published in 1917 and advertised as his “posthumous work”. True to Russell’s plan, this seventh volume was a detailed interpretation of the book of Revelation, but had included interpretations of Ezekiel, and the Song of Solomon. Immediate controversy surrounded both its publishing, and contents. In a short time it was established that it was actually written and compiled by two of Russell’s former associates, Clayton J. Woodworth and George H. Fisher, and edited by Joseph Franklin Rutherford. [i]

By 1903, newspapers began printing sermons written by Pastor Russell. The success of this got perhaps in his head. Though a lot of criticism came up he became more in the picture and got more followers.

While on the one hand claiming no special “authority,” Russell clearly desired to be the “servant” in the estimation of the “household of faith.” The danger became that he started claiming to be the “mouthpiece” of God. While others before him paved the way in giving the “midnight cry,” such as Miller and Barbour, Russell believed he was finally chosen as the one in restoring true Biblical teaching. While saying everyone needed to decide for himself, etc., Russell clearly wanted everyone to”study” the Bible solely from his writings.

Frederick William Franz (1893–1992) member of the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses and served as president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, the legal entity used to direct the work of Jehovah’s Witnesses. – Frederick William Franz (1893-1992) lid van het Regerend Lichaam van Jehovah’s Getuigen en diende als president van het Wachttorengenootschap the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, de juridische entiteit gebruikt om het werk van Jehovah’s Getuigen te leiden.

After Russell’s dead it became even worse. A leadership crisis arose surrounding the new president of the Society, Joseph Rutherford, resulting in a movement-wide schism. As many as three-quarters of the approximately 50,000 Bible Students who had been associating in 1917 had left by 1931, resulting in the formation of several groups that retained variations on the name Bible Students. The idea of the truthful slave was interpolated to the Watchtower Tract Society. Rutherford and Fred Franz (Frederick William Franz) their followers who maintained fellowship with the Watch Tower Society adopted the name Jehovah’s Witnesses in 1931. They accept that the Society is provided with the only truthful slave and is the only one which has received the light from God and can show the light and right way to enter the Kingdom of God. JW‘s believe the Bible Students are still stuck on the “old light” of “Pastor” Russell and thus haven’t kept up with the latest “light” or “present truth.” Thus JW’s are no longer “Russellites” or followers of Russell as detractors have called them and they used to proudly call themselves. [ii] Russell is no longer viewed by the Watchtower Society as the “faithful and wise servant” alone serving the “meat in due season” or proper explanation of the Scriptures as they taught until 1927. [iii] They have gone back to the original view that the “servant” is a class of people, the 144,000, of which Russell was only one. The truth is still being progressively revealed to the modern “remnant” of the 144,000 who are currently leading the corporation Russell founded according the Jehovah Witnesses. Russell is viewed by JW’s today as the founder of their movement who helped revive the truth and separated them from Babylon the Great, but who taught many things that are no longer the “truth’ as the “light has grown brighter” since his day. JW’s therefore do not and are not encouraged to read Russell’s material at all, except the brief quotations provided by the Society’s writers in their current publications.

The Society of the Watchtower stopped publishing Russell his Studies in the Scriptures in 1928. Many Bible Students believe for the most part that the Society has become apostate as it no longer believes in many of Russell’s teachings as exposed in his Studies. As Russell warned about those who would do such a thing, the Society has gone into spiritual darkness, according to those other Bible Students. JW’s are viewed by many Bible Students as part of the Whore of Babylon and tell JW’s to “get out of her my people.”

Although the JW testify to be bible the only real research workers of truth, we fortunately can determine that there are, though be it in comparison with the traditional religions, not so many, still several people who were faithful to study the Book of books wanting to examine the Holy Scriptures and to investigate how they can be most faithful to this Word of God.

Those who severed ties with the Society formed their own groups including the Pastoral Bible Institute in 1918 (publishing The Herald of Christ’s Kingdom), the Layman’s Home Missionary Movement in 1919, and the Dawn Bible Students Association in 1929.

Moreover the former not associated Bible researchers remain still active in their Bible study and the proclamation of the Word of God.

*

Notes:

[i] http://www.pastor-russell.com/misc/bio.html

[ii] Walter Martin and Norman Klan, Jehovahof the Watchtower (Minneapolis, MN.: Bethany House Publishers), 1953, 1974,p. 41; The Golden Age, March 17, 1920, pp. 409-414.

[iii] J. F. Rutherford, The Harp ofGod (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society), 1921, pp. 237,239.

Dutch speaking readers at that time could find this text in Dutch on the Space of the Belgian bible Students but by the disappearance of Windows Live Spaces the article also disappeared

Nederlandstaligelezerskonden dit artikel in het Nederlands vinden op de Space van Bijbelstudenten uit België maar door het wegvallen van Windows Live Spaces hebben wij dat artikel verloren : Charles Taze Russell, een bal die veel aan het rollen bracht.

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Find also:

1. Different approach in organisation of services #1
2. Different approach in organisation of services #2
3. Different approach in organisation of services #3
4. Priority to form a loving brotherhood
5. Commitment to Christian unity
6. Parts of the body of Christ
7. Dissolution of Bijbelvorsers (Bible scholars), Association for Bible study

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• In 1845-1870 AD, E.G. White established the 7^th Day Adventists, a Protestant Christian denomination that believes in observing Saturday as the original seventh day of the Judeo-Christian week. In addition, 7^th Day Adventists believe in the imminent second coming of the Jesus Christ. This movement was influenced and grew out of the Millerite movement in the United States during the 19^th century.
• In 1848 AD, Kate and Margaret Fox founded Spiritualism, a belief system that postulates the belief in spirits of the dead who have an inclination in communicating with the living through a divination system known as mediumship.
• In 1870 AD, Charles Taze Russel founded the Jehovah Witnesses, a Christian denomination distinct from mainstream Christianity. The Jehovah’s Witnesses base their beliefs on their own biblical interpretations and even transcribed their own version of the Holy Bible. They believe that Armageddon and the establishment of New Jerusalem is imminent.
• In 1875 AD, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and Henry Olcott founded the Theosophical Society, a research and publishing institute dedicated to sharing esoteric doctrine of many spiritual traditions around the world. H.P. Blavatsky’s extensive research led to the publishing of the “magnum opus, The Secret Doctrine,” a comprehensive synthesis of ancient knowledge. The Theosophical Society aimed to form a brotherhood that did not discriminate against race, creed, sex, caste, or color.
• In 1879 AD, Mary Baker Eddy formed a cult sect known as Christian Science (PDF), a religious practice derived from revelations given to Mary Baker Eddy and from the Bible itself. Its core texts are the Bible and the Christian Science textbook, also known as the “Science and Health With Key to the Scriptures.” Christian Science asserts that humanity and the universe coincide together as a whole in their truest essence, whereas evil and fallacies are illusory aspects of the material plane.
• Between 1889 to 1924 AD, Myrtle Fillmore founded the Unity School of Christianity, a religious group that believes that all people are created with sacred worth. The Unity School of Christianity shares a universal love for all people, regardless of race, sex, color, ethnicity, creed, gender, political ideology, or disability.
• In 1902 AD, Rudolf Steiner founded the Anthroposophical Society, a religious organization that postulates that an individual can comprehend an objective spiritual world through direct experience and inner development.
• In 1906 AD, the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World is one of the longest, and oldest Oneness Pentecostal organizations in operation today. It currently has a membership of one and a half million members in the United States alone. Pentecostal doctrine believes in the trinity; however, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are one God. In addition, Pentecostal attendees manifest the gifts of the spirit, especially the laying of hands and speaking in tongues.